En la sección titulada Irreversibilidad y el Poder de Perdonar en La Condición Humana, Arendt afirma que “el descubridor del papel del perdón en la esfera de los asuntos humanos fue Jesús de Nazaret”. En lo que sigue, quisiéramos aproximarnos al uso antiguo del verbo griego sungignôskô que a nuestro entender cumple el mismo papel que Arendt advierte en esta supuesta novedad cristiana —la “mutua exoneración de lo que se ha hecho”—, no sólo para entender en qué consistiría el descubrimiento (...) que Arendt atribuye a Jesús, sino porque creemos que la idea de que los griegos desconocían la facultad de perdonar es, si no falsa, al menos imprecisa. In the section titled Irreversibility and the Power to Forgive in the Human Condition, Arendt claims that “the discoverer of the role of forgiveness in the sphere of human affairs was Jesus of Nazareth”. In what follows, we would like to approach the ancient use of the Greek verb sungignôskô which, in our opinion, fulfills the same role that Arendt finds in this alleged Christian novelty —the “mutual exoneration of what has been done”— not only to understand what would the actual discovery Arendt attributes to Jesus imply, but because we believe claiming the Greeks were unaware of the faculty of forgiveness is, if not false, at least inaccurate. (shrink)

El presente escrito tiene como propósito señalar algunas características de un nuevo tipo de razón que se basa en el pensamiento complejo y en sus principios: dialógico, hologramático y transdisciplinar, y su estrecha relación con el componente humano, el cual involucra la relación entre lo emocional y lo racional. Para lograrlo, el artículo está dividido en tres partes. La primera parte señala algunas limitaciones que ha tenido el paradigma científico moderno clásico, especialmente desde la desviación del concepto de la razón (...) gestado en la Ilustración; la segunda parte señala cómo, a su vez, la tendencia posmodernista no solo critica los alcances del proyecto moderno, sino que lanza una negación de los discursos basados en la ciencia y en la razón (ilustrada) e invita a las posturas relativistas extremas, y, en la tercera parte, se nombran algunas características que debe tener un nuevo tipo de razón basada en el pensamiento de Morin. (shrink)

We present here a digital scenario to simulate the emergence of self-organized symbol-based communication among artificial creatures inhabiting a virtual world of predatory events. In order to design the environment and creatures, we seek theoretical and empirical constraints from C.S.Peirce Semiotics and an ethological case study of communication among animals. Our results show that the creatures, assuming the role of sign users and learners, behave collectively as a complex system, where self-organization of communicative interactions plays a major role in the (...) emergence of symbol-based communication. We also strive for a careful use of the theoretical concepts involved, including the concepts of symbol, communication, and emergence, and we use a multi-level model as a basis for the interpretation of inter-level relationships in the semiotic processes we are studying. (shrink)

In The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, published in 1868, Darwin used the metaphor of the architect to argue in favor of natural autonomy and to clarify the role of chance in his theory of adaptive change by variation and natural selection. In this article, I trace the history of this important heuristic instrument in Darwin's writings and letters and suggest that this metaphor was important to Darwin because it helps him to explain the role of chance, and (...) gives an argument in favor of the free will. (shrink)

From the notion of “minor literature” proposed by Gilles Deleuze, the article comprises a general approach to the writings of the Chilean poets Tomás Harris and Nicolás Miquea, to raise the possibility of a “minor reading”, as an exercise of reflection on both authors. From a broad theoretical approach, the article also explores the identity of poetry as health event, otherness, and relational aesthetics for the conceptual development of a “poetic trafficker”.

América Latina es un concepto, una construcción intelectual que intenta dar cuenta de un grupo de estados nacionales, variable en su composición pero con un núcleo estable, las ex colonias españolas y portuguesas del continente americano. Hoy no hay en América Latina un programa de desarrollo nacional alternativo a la integración al mundo capitalista global. Las experiencias nacionales que la izquierda dirige no constituyen una imagen como la que representó Cuba en los años sesenta, ni desde el punto de vista (...) de los programas ni desde el liderazgo. Lo que se construyó en las décadas de los cincuentas y sesentas fue una conciencia de la relevancia de un proyecto continental que merecía ser respaldado por una teorización del conjunto, la construcción de un objeto de conocimiento al mismo tiempo que un actor político colectivo. Como quiera que sea, esta conciencia se desarrolló alrededor de las instituciones internacionales y nacionales residentes en Santiago de Chile y comenzó a desvanecerse junto con el proyecto de Allende y la Unidad Popular. (shrink)

Following a Weltanschaaung that involves a concept of life, Hitler has organized one of central chapiters of his autobiography My Struggle, named “Nation and Race”. Three human groups – to know, the founders of culture, the bearers of culture, the destroyers of culture – would be organized as forms of life. These three groups cohabit in competition for the territory of living space. With Hitler´s interpretations, come up then a living economic, that justifies the Total State or the Total War. (...) In front of this horizon, appear critiques as Marcuse, which efforts intend to face the usurpation of concepts as life, nature and racionality by Nazi myth of race and nation. Into this field, Marcuse meets psychoanalysis. Someone considers this meeting as a return to some naturalism too far from the critical exigencies of this time; however, it is possible to insist that this resourse to Freud makes evident a straight critic to a living economic operated from a totalitarian Weltanschauung. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revelar el verdadero nombre de Finlay y la trascendencia de su firma a fin de salvaguardar cómo llega hasta hoy la autenticidad denominativa del científico. Para ello fue necesaria la revisión bibliográfica de diversas fuentes documentales. Destacan las Obras Completas del médico, artículos científicos de revistas indexadas de la nación y el exterior: Educación Médica Superior, Cuadernos de Historia de la Salud Pública, Biomédica, Acimed, Asclepio, entre otras; periódicos, así como entrevistas a especialistas de la (...) Casa Natal de Carlos J. Finlay. This work aims to real the true name of Finlay and the significance of his signature in order to safeguard its authenticity in present times. To this end, the bibliographic revision of several documentary sources was necessary. Revisions were made of his Complete Works, scientific articles indexed in national and foreign scientific journals, newspaper articles and interviews with specialists from the Carlos J. Finlay Birth House Museum. (shrink)

'Estética da contradição' tem como objetivo constituir o corpo crítico da contradição no seio da história da estética em seus mais significativos momentos. O conceito de contradição estética é um universo autônomo, simultaneamente constituído e integrado.

Resumen. El presente estudio de caso expone, a partir de la historia de vida como fuente de información, un abordaje de la vida cotidiana más allá de lo meramente narrativo y periodístico. La investigación toma como objeto de estudio los cambios ocurridos en las costumbres y los hábitos de comportamiento cotidiano de una inmigrante española en la colonia agrícola de Turén en Venezuela a mediados del siglo pasado. Se considera que los procesos migratorios, máxime si se enmarcan dentro de un (...) proyecto colonizador, resultan propicios para detectar las variaciones en los mun-dos vitales de las personas, en ese proceso obligado al que se enfrenta el emigrante de ajustarse a las condiciones de un medio ambiente nuevo, extraño y a veces per-cibido como hostil. La información se recoge a través de los recuerdos que tiene la emigrante, suministrados en entrevistas abiertas. Las experiencias de la vida cotidiana en el pueblo español donde vivía la emigrante se comparan con las de la colonia agrícola venezolana a la que fue a vivir, a la luz de aportes teóricos provenien-tes del campo de la antropología. Se concluye que el enfoque etnohistórico de los hechos puede contribuir a explicar el análisis histórico de los mismos, dando una visión alternativa pero complementaria y enriquecedora a las metodologías tradi-cionales para el estudio del pasado. Palabras clave: etnohistoria, vida cotidiana, historia de vida, inmigración, siglo XX, Aragón, Venezuela.. The essay exposes a study of the daily life, trying to overcome the normal, journalis-tic narrative explanations, offering instead an approach based on the history of life-time. The research takes as object of study the expected changes occurred in the personal manners and daily habits of a Spanish immigrant in the agricultural colony of Turen in Venezuela, during the middle of the past century. Migration processes, especially if happen as part of colonization projects, offer a good opportunity to detect relevant changes in the inner lives of people, due to the efforts of the immi-grant to deal with the adaptation to a new, different and sometimes hostile environ-ment. Information is obtained through the remembrances of the immigrant during open interviews. Personal remembrances about her daily life in the small Spanish town where she lived before migration are compared with those other ones in the Venezuelan agricultural colony where she arrived. These comparisons are analysed based on contributions coming from the anthropology field. As a conclusion, etno-history approach is recommended for the study of the past in order to enrich tradi-tional methodologies used by historians, as a complementary approach. Key words: etnohistory, daily life, history of lifetime, immigration, 20th century, Aragon, Venezuela. (shrink)

Neste artigo mostram-se os resultados de uma revisão sistemática com busca em três bases de dados sobre a teoria do agir comunicativo do filósofo alemão Jurgen Habermas na área da Administração de Organizações de Saúde. Quer-se destacar as relações estabelecidas entre a filosofia da linguagem, particularmente da Teoria do agir comunicativo, e a Administração de Organizações de Saúde, tanto para construção em acordos teóricos quanto acordos práticos. Foram consultadas três bases de dados (Scopus, Web of Science e Medline via Pubmed). (...) A partir da aplicação das estratégias foram recuperados 178 registros. Após o filtro em função dos objetivos da pesquisa e da exclusão dos artigos em duplicatas, restaram 42 artigos, mas somente 41 artigos completos são considerados na síntese qualitativa. Os artigos recuperados estão classificados em oito categorias, e foram publicados. (shrink)

UMA ANÁLISE DA SANÇÃO DE SUSPENSÃO DOS DIREITOS POLÍTICOS POR IMPROBIDADE ADMINISTRATIVA A PARTIR DAS DECISÕES DO STF ACERCA DA INTERNALIZAÇÃO DO PACTO DE SÃO JOSÉ DA COSTA RICA.

Die fünf Bände enthalten die Hauptvorträge und eingeladene Beiträge der panels des X. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, der 2005 in Sao Paolo stattfand.

The aim of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the application of the specific rules of nanotechnology incorporated in Regulation No. 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. It has been ten years since the European Commission had issued its proposal to start the co-decision procedure to create Regulation 1223 of 2009. Although it has been praised for noting the regulatory difference of nanomaterials over the rest of the chemicals, (...) what has been the efficacy of the standard? It is concluded that despite what it meant, the regulation has encountered technical obstacles, thus rendering the objectives relating to nanotechnology that were proposed from the European Commission unfulfilled. This finding is inferred through legal dogmatic methodologies and the identification of nanomaterials that have not been expressly approved. Nevertheless, products incorporating nanomaterials still circulate in the European market. The precepts about nanotechnology in the regulation should be reviewed because technical inconsistencies should be avoided in future regulations or applicable regulations in contexts other than Europe. Such inconsistencies exist with respect to the high level of protection of human health that should be ensured and the provisions intended to protect consumer safety. For instance, the catalog of nanomaterials in circulation does not indicate the materials that have been approved or their toxicological profiles. To date, no comparison studies have been presented between the expectations and legislative objectives set as embodied in the regulation and debated in the European Parliament involving the actual efficacy of this regulation. (shrink)

Refletimos sobre a violência que frequenta as instituições escolares partindo do pressuposto de que ao se apresentar na escola de maneira molecular, a violência evidencia o reflexo do que já se encontra posto na sociedade. No que se refere à escola, é necessário pensar o fenômeno violento como uma realidade que cada dia mais toma o cenário escolar e demanda de educadores, alunos e famílias respostas novas e inventivas aos problemas advindos da complexa relação a que a violência os expõem. (...) Tendo vista uma compreensão mais detalhada do fenômeno, realizamos uma análise da violência que adentra os muros da escola, servindo-nos de uma classificação muito utilizada entre os teóricos pesquisadores do assunto: a violência da, na e contra a escola. Estudando separadamente cada uma destas formas de violência, acreditamos poder abarcar, ainda que não tão profundamente quanto o tema exige, as formas com que a violência tem sido vivenciada na escola por seus sujeitos discentes e docentes e por toda a comunidade em que ela se insere. Refletir sobre o fenômeno violento e suas implicações, abrindo espaços de fala dentro das instituições escolares para que ele seja discutido e problematizado, pensamos ser um dos possíveis caminhos para superação da violência. (shrink)

Las sugerentes meditaciones de Zambrano sobre la ciudad se cotejan a la luz de otros escritos coetáneos sobre la casa; y no tanto porque la ciudad sea también arquitectura, sino porque es habitada y recorrida, porque presenta un orden a ser ejecutado, avivado desde el ritmo de nuestro ir, venir, nuestras estancias y nuestras ausencias; como la música. Para Zambrano la ciudad es paradigma y lugar idóneo de la creación humana a lo largo de la historia. Es el amor como (...) entrega y fe el motor de toda creación que trasciende su propia época, y sólo desde ahí cabe una recuperación de la ciudad en nuestro presente, en el que sólo vivimos en grandes construcciones urbanísticas, pero en el que ya no surgen ciudades. Zambrano reivindica recuperar la ciudad como centro sacral y creador, pero no como una vuelta nostálgica a las ciudades del pasado, sino como verdadera realización de su ideal político democrático. (shrink)

Illustrations and examples have always been deemed rare in the otherwise abundant materials Kant sent to be printed. In this sense, tradition has made out of the Königsbergs philosopher a rather arid writer. He himself advocated for the perks of a proper scholastic method in presenting arguments. It is thus a common place among scholars that Herr Professor valued discursive clarity over any whimsical rhetorical garments the popular thinker could have been tempted to wield in defense of his surely more (...) than dubious reasons. But even with that in mind, in Kants writings there is this persistent and everlasting metaphor regarding the activity of navigation. A metaphor going all through the Kantian philosophical enterprise: either in the form of sailing the thin air and pretending to avoid -- or surf -- any resistance, like the figure of the dove in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781); or better with the picture of the wandering unconcerned under the celestial and immeasurable vault only to discover we were lost in search for the North in What Does It Mean To Orient Oneself In Thinking?(1786), Kants critical philosophy insisted in the depiction of the task of thinking not only as a concrete one depending on facts and experience gathered -- pinpoint locations -- but also as a matter of orientation depending on the necessity of categories -- criteria, cardinal points -- of thought. If fanciful aspirations of ideas happen to take off from the objective ground irresponsibly as if empirical experience and facts had no substance at all -- it is with good reason that due operations of counterbalance should be taking place with help of the sound weight of articulated reasonable concepts based on formal and material reality. Kants theory of mind presupposes a responsibility of a subject in relation to several types of objects. The two of these epistemic extremes are intertwined and in need of each other. When it comes to orientation, leaning on some sort of inner compass, each of us would have both in regard to sensitivity, knowledge, and moral thinking which serves like a guide to the trip within all three domains, and even comes in handy to map them out. This collective volume is precisely devoted to the task of revisiting some landscapes of the Kantian thought-itinerary along the brave seas and deep into the thick forests of justified knowledge, principles of morals and judgement in aesthetics: through its pages this work has put together renowned scholars from very different traditions eager to circumnavigate again the issues and concerns of 18th Century Philosophy and the particular Kantian solution of a new branded type of metaphysical inquiry, one inquiry subject to intellectual global duties as well. (shrink)